propaganda.lege.net/evoting

http://propaganda.lege.net/evoting/

U.S. Voting Fraud, Mass Media Cover-up, etc.

"Corporate America is very close to running this country. The only thing that is stopping them from taking total control are the pesky voters. That's why there's such a drive to control the vote. What we're seeing is the corporatisation of the last shred of democracy." [ New Zealand News - World - US voting system vulnerable to fraud -- http://www.nzherald.co.nz/storydisplay.cfm?storyID=3529550&thesection=news&thesubsection=world ]

Who Plans to Steal the 2004 US Elections? Some people have it figured out By Egan Orion Monday 29 September 2003, The Inquirer. [ http://www.theinquirer.net/?article=11811 ]. It's actually Chris Floyd's CounterPunch article Vanishing Act -- "Disappearing" the Republic at the Push of a Button. [ http://counterpunch.org/floyd09262003.html ]. Only, Egan Orion adds these comments in the beginning: ``AFTER THE VOTING MESS in Florida during the 2000 elections, the US Congress passed the "Help America Vote Act". They should have more accurately entitled it the "Help Steal America's Vote Act" instead. However, at least one journalist has cottoned on to what's happening, and it is simply outrageous. We reprint by permission Chris Floyd's dynamite article at CounterPunch exposing these sordid facts.''

Mass Media Cover-up

Leading Journalists Expose the Myth of a Free Press
Edited by Kristina Borjesson, Foreword by Gore Vidal

This is a 10-page summary [ http://www.wanttoknow.info/buzzsaw10pg ] of the fascinating accounts of 18 award-winning journalists from the book Into the Buzzsaw [ http://intothebuzzsaw.com/ ]. All of these writers were prevented by corporate media ownership from reporting major, incredibly revealing news. Some were even fired or laid off. These journalists have won numerous awards, including several Emmys and a Pulitzer Award. Help us to create a more responsible media and a better world. Spread this news across the land [ http://www.wanttoknow.info/emailmedia ].

Touch screens worry voter

Posted on Mon, Nov. 10, 2003
ELECTIONS
Touch screens worry voters [ http://www.miami.com/mld/miamiherald/7224229.htm ]
South Florida voter opinions reflect increasing national concern about the security of electronic voting and the desire for a paper record.
By Erika Bolstad <ebolstad@herald.com>

Touch screen voting systems and rigged elections
[ http://vancouver.indymedia.org/news/2003/09/67789.php ]

by Schuyler Ebbets * Wednesday September 17, 2003 at 11:03 PM

Attempts to examine the code used by the machines in Florida were blocked in the courts by the GOP citing, "proprietary/trade secrecy" protections under a law, which made it impossible for the DNC to ascertain how the machines tabulated votes.

The 2004 Election Has Already Been Rigged

By Schuyler Ebbets
Posted September 2, 2003 thepeoplesvoice.org

The pollsters have recently been forced to admit that the majority of Americans are against the re-election of George Bush. Two wars, thousands of dead human beings, and nine million lost jobs later and people are beginning to realize that something is very wrong. In spite of this gradual awakening most registered voters continue to depend on TV for their news and they are kept woefully in the dark about issues like election reform and touch screen voting. The media has gone to great lengths to foster an illusion of legitimacy and normalcy surrounding the electoral process. People have been intentionally lead to believe that their vote counts and Bush could actually be booted out of office on Election Day. No way is Bush going to lose, it just can't happen. The 2004 election has already been rigged. The corporations and the military industrial complex have bought them selves a government and they aren't going to let some silly little presidential election jeopardize their investment. [ http://vancouver.indymedia.org/news/2003/09/67789.php ]

Sludge Report #154 - Bigger Than Watergate!
[ http://scoop.co.nz/mason/stories/HL0307/S00064.htm ]
Tuesday, 8 July 2003, 6:13 pm
Column: C.D. Sludge

In This Edition: Bigger Than Watergate! - How To Rig An Election In The United States - Fantasy vs Reality - How We Discovered The Backdoor - Evidence Of Motive - Evidence Of Opportunity - Evidence Of Method - Evidence Of Prior Conduct - Consistent Unexplained Circumstantial Evidence

IMPORTANT NOTE: Publication of this story marks a watershed in American political history. It is offered freely for publication in full or part on any and all internet forums, blogs and noticeboards. All other media are also encouraged to utilise material. Readers are encouraged to forward this to friends and acquaintances in the United States and elsewhere.

*** NEW *** FOLLOW UP STORY

Bald-Faced Lies About Black Box Voting Machines

and

The Truth About the Rob-Georgia File [ http://scoop.co.nz/mason/stories/HL0307/S00078.htm ]

Sludge Report #154

Bigger Than Watergate!

The story you are about to read is in this writer's view the biggest political scandal in American history, if not global history. And it is being broken today here in New Zealand.

This story cuts to the bone the machinery of democracy in America today. Democracy is the only protection we have against despotic and arbitrary government, and this story is deeply disturbing.

Imagine if you will that you are a political interest group that wishes to control forevermore the levers of power. Imagine further that you know you are likely to implement a highly unpopular political agenda, and you do not wish to be removed by a ballot driven backlash.

One way to accomplish this outcome would be to adopt the Mugabe (Zimbabwe) or Hun Sen (Cambodia) approach. You agree to hold elections, but simultaneously arrest, imprison and beat your opponents and their supporters. You stuff ballot boxes, disenfranchise voters who are unlikely to vote for you, distort electoral boundaries and provide insufficient polling stations in areas full of opposition supporters.

However as so many despots have discovered, eventually such techniques always fail - often violently. Hence, if you are a truly ambitious political dynasty you have to be a bit more subtle about your methods.

Imagine then if it were possible to somehow subvert the voting process itself in such a way that you could steal elections without anybody knowing.

Imagine for example if you could:

- secure control of the companies that make the voting machines and vote counting software;

- centralise vote counting systems, and politicise their supervision;

- legislate for the adoption of such systems throughout your domain, and provide large amounts of money for the purchase of these systems;

- establish systems of vote counting that effectively prevent anybody on the ground in the election - at a booth or precinct level - from seeing what is happening at a micro-level;

- get all the major media to sign up to a single exit-polling system that you also control - removing the risk of exit-polling showing up your shenanigans.

And imagine further that you;

- install a backdoor, or numerous backdoors, in the vote counting systems you have built that enable you to manipulate the tabulation of results in real time as they are coming in.

Such a system would enable you to intervene in precisely the minimum number of races necessary to ensure that you won a majority on election night. On the basis of polling you could pick your marginal seats and thus keep your tweaking to a bare minimum.

Such a system would enable you to minimise the risks of discovery of your activities.

Such a system would enable you to target and remove individual political opponents who were too successful, too popular or too inquisitive.

And most importantly of all, such a system would enable you to accomplish all the above without the public being in the least aware of what you were doing. When confronted with the awfulness of your programme they would be forced to concede that at least it is the result of a democratic process.

How To Rig An Election In The United States

So how would such a system actually work?

Well one way to run such a corrupt electoral system might look like this.

- Each voting precinct (or booth) could be fitted with electronic voting systems, optical scanning systems, punch card voting systems or the more modern touchscreen electronic voting machines;

- At the close of play each day the booth/precinct supervisor could be under instructions to compile an electronic record of the votes cast in their booth;

- They might print out a report that contains only the details of the total votes count for that precinct/booth, and then file via modem the full electronic record of votes through to the County supervisor;

- The County Supervisor could be equipped with a special piece of software and a bank of modems that enables all these results to be received and tabulated in the internals of the computer;

- The County Supervisors themselves could be assured that their system was bullet proof, certified and contained tamper-protection mechanisms par excellence;

- The Country Supervisor could be given a range of tools for looking at the data within this software, but nothing to enable them to directly manipulate the results;

- But unbeknownst to the County Supervisor the software could actually create three separate records of the voting data;

- Meanwhile - also unbeknownst to the County Supervisor - these three tables of voting data could be in fact completely insecure and accessible simply through a common database programme, say Microsoft Access;

- Having the three tables would enable you to keep the real data in place - so the system could pass spot tests on individual precincts and booth results (should a precinct supervisor be particularly astute) -while simultaneously enabling you to manipulate the bottom line result;

- Finally you might also enhance the election hacker's powers by including within the software a utility to enable them to cover their tracks by changing the date and time stamps on files and remove evidence of your tampering.

Fantasy Becomes Reality

The above description of a corrupt voting system is not the result of an overactive imagination. Rather it is the result of a extensive research by computer programmers and journalists working around the globe. Principally it is the work of investigative Journalist Bev Harris, author of the soon to be published book "Black Box Voting: Ballot Tampering In The 21st Century "

And most important of all it is the result of research focussed on investigating the actual software distributed by one of the largest voting systems companies operating in the recent U.S. Elections.

CAVEAT: It is important to note that the research into this subject has not established that the files we have been working on were in fact in situ in County Election Supervisors offices at the last election - nor have we proof that the back door we have discovered - which might enable the rigging of elections - was actually used in any recent election. However it is the considered opinion of all those involved in this investigation that it is not up to us as journalists or programmers to prove that elections were rigged, rather it is a responsibility of the electoral system itself to prove its integrity.

What you read here amounts to revelation of evidence of motive, opportunity, method, prior conduct , and a variety of items of, consistent unexplained circumstantial evidence . Significantly we do not believe we have sufficient resources to complete this investigation to its conclusion and are therefore making available our findings to the media, community organisations, political parties, computer scientists and geeks in the anticipation that they will pick up the torch and take extend this inquiry into every county in the United States.

How We Discovered The Backdoor

The story of how this story emerged is a great tale in itself, most of which has already been told in this report by Bev Harris:

SYSTEM INTEGRITY FLAW DISCOVERED AT DIEBOLD ELECTION SYSTEMS -- http://scoop.co.nz/mason/stories/HL0302/S00052.htm

The short version of the story is relatively simple.

In the course of investigating the issue of the integrity of new electronic voting machines Bev Harris learned that people around the world had been downloading from an open FTP site belonging to Diebold Election Systems one of the leading manufactures of voting systems.

This website contained several gigabytes of files including manuals, source codes and installation versions of numerous parts of the Diebold voting system, and of its vote counting programme GEMS.

Realising we had stumbled across what might be the equivalent of the Pentagon Papers for elections, the full contents of this website have been secured around the world at several locations. The original website was itself taken down on January 29th 2003.

We can now reveal for the first time the location of a complete online copy of the original data set. As we anticipate attempts to prevent the distribution of this information we encourage supporters of democracy to make copies of these files and to make them available on websites and file sharing networks.

http://users.actrix.co.nz/dolly/

As many of the files are zip password protected you may need some assistance in opening them, we have found that the utility available at the following URL works well:

http://www.lostpassword.com

Finally some of the zip files are partially damaged, but these too can be read by using the utility at:

http://www.zip-repair.com/

At this stage in this inquiry we do not believe that we have come even remotely close to investigating all aspects of this data. I.E. There is no reason to believe that the security flaws discovered so far are the only ones.

Therefore we expect many more discoveries to be made. We want the assistance of the online computing community in this enterprise and we encourage you to file your findings at the forum HERE [ http://liberalisnotadirtyword.com/cgi-bin/dcforum/dcboard.cgi ]

Finally, for obvious reasons it is important that this information is distributed as widely as possible as quickly as possible. We encourage all web bloggers, web publishers and web media to re-publish and link to this article and to its companion article by Bev Harris which contains detailed descriptions of how to use the GEMS software to rig an election:

Companion Article For Detail And Screenshots Of An Election Hack . . . Inside A U.S. Election Vote Counting Program http://scoop.co.nz/mason/stories/HL0307/S00065.htm

To conclude this overview article I will make a few more comments on the evidence we have thus far that the U.S. election system has been compromised. As stated earlier we do not at this stage have proof that it has in fact been been compromised through this method, just a great deal of circumstantial evidence that it could have been.

If this was Watergate, we are effectively at the point of discovering evidence of a break-in and have received the call from deep-throat telling us that should dig much deeper.

Proof will follow in time we expect, but only if the work we have begun is completed and this inquiry is taken into every corner of the U.S. electoral system.

Evidence Of Motive

This is probably the easiest part of this puzzle to get your head around. The motivation of the Republican Party in general and the current administration in particular to gain ever greater amounts of power - by whatever means possible and damn the consequences - is evidenced most recently in the Supreme Court's partisan appointment of George Bush Jr. as President, the attempt to recall California Governor Gray Davis, and the Ken Starr investigation and attempted impeachment of President Clinton.

Evidence Of Opportunity

Republican connected control over the major election systems companies in the United States has been thoroughly researched.

Bob Urosevich, CEO of Diebold Election Systems is also the founder of ES&S, a competing voting machine company. Together these two companies are responsible for tallying around 80% of votes cast in the United States. Also significant, from what we can determine about the architecture of the software, is that its basic structure was specifically a creation of Mr Urosevich's company I-Mark.

For more background on Diebold Systems connections to the Republican Party see:

Diebold - The Face Of Modern Ballot Tampering
http://scoop.co.nz/mason/stories/HL0211/S00081.htm

Meanwhile Presidential wannabee and Republican Party United States Senator Chuck Hagel has been directly connected to ES&S via his campaign finance director, Michael McCarthy, who has admitted that Senator Hagel still owns a beneficial interest in the ES&S parent company, the McCarthy Group.

[Diebold has in common with ES&S not only significant connections with the Republican party. (Wally O'Dell, its corporate chief. is a major contributor to the GOP) but actual blood relationships. Bob Urosevich, brother of Todd Urosevich (Vice President at ES&S), is in charge of Diebold's election division. Both brothers' entry into the vote counting business was funded by Howard Ahmanson, a Savings and Loan heir who served for over twenty years on the board of the Chalecedon Foundation, a Christian Reconstructionist organization that advocates, among other things, slavery and the death penalty for homosexuality and "blasphemy." [ http://liberalslant.com/pt102103.htm ]]

Senate Ethics Director Resigns; Senator Hagel Admits Owning Voting Machine Company [ http://scoop.co.nz/mason/stories/HL0301/S00166.htm ]

Evidence Of Method

The evidence of method has been detailed in a companion article by Bev Harris, author of the soon to be published block-buster Black Box Voting.

Inside A U.S. Election Vote Counting Program
http://scoop.co.nz/mason/stories/HL0307/S00065.htm

In this article - which contains screenshots from the software and detailed instructions on how one might rig an election - Bev Harris explains security flaws thus:

The GEMS election file contains more than one "set of books." They are hidden from the person running the GEMS program, but you can see them if you go into Microsoft Access.

You might look at it like this: Suppose you have votes on paper ballots, and you pile all the paper ballots in room one. Then, you make a copy of all the ballots and put the stack of copies in room 2.

You then leave the door open to room 2, so that people can come in and out, replacing some of the votes in the stack with their own.

You could have some sort of security device that would tell you if any of the copies of votes in room 2 have been changed, but you opt not to.

Now, suppose you want to count the votes. Should you count them from room 1 (original votes)? Or should you count them from room 2, where they may or may not be the same as room 1? What Diebold chose to do in the files we examined was to count the votes from "room2."

Evidence Of Prior Conduct

It is a recorded fact that every system of balloting established in America has been gamed and rigged. I.E. America's political practitioners have a very long history of ballot rigging and vote tampering. This is nothing new and evidence of the sort we have uncovered has been long predicted by computer scientists such as Dr Rebecca Mercuri.

In more recent history investigative Journalist Greg Palast has documented in detail Katherine Harris's use of electronic data matching technologies to disenfranchise thousands of Florida voters in advance of the 2000 Presidential election.

We highly recommend readers purchase a copy of "The Best Democracy Money Can Buy" by Greg Palast to read much more about this.

A compendium of links on Palast's investigations can be found via a Google search on: "greg palast florida katherine harris"

Consistent Unexplained Circumstantial Evidence

During the 2002 Mid-term there were numerous reports of unusual happenings in counties throughout the United States.

Among the phenomena reported were voting numbers suddenly fluctuating in the middle of the counting process, something you might expect to see if the backdoor identified above were used clumsily.

An organisation called Votewatch was set up during the 2002 elections to record unusual happenings and its archives can be viewed here:

http://pub103.ezboard.com/bsoldiervoice

It will suffice here to cite a couple of specific examples - these are excerpts from the soon to be published "Black Box Voting: Ballot Tampering In The 21st Century". These examples of actual events are consistent with the existence and use of an electronic vote counting hack described above.

November 1990, Seattle, Washington - Worse than the butterfly ballot, some Democratic candidates watched votes alight, then flutter away. Democrat Al Williams saw 90 votes wander off his tally between election night and the following day, though no new counting had been done. At the same time, his opponent, Republican Tom Tangen, gained 32 votes. At one point several hundred ballots added to returns didn't result in any increase in the number of votes. But elsewhere, the number of votes added exceeded the number of additional ballots counted. A Republican candidate achieved an amazing surge in his absentee percentage for no apparent reason. And no one seemed to notice (until a determined Democratic candidate started demanding an answer) that the machines simply forgot to count 14,000 votes.

November 1996, Bergen County, New Jersey - Democrats told Bergen County Clerk Kathleen Donovan to come up with a better explanation for mysterious swings in vote totals. Donovan blamed voting computers for conflicting tallies that rose and fell by 8,000 or 9,000 votes. The swings perplexed candidates of both parties. For example, the Republican incumbent, Anthony Cassano, had won by about 7,000 votes as of the day after the election but his lead evaporated later. One candidate actually lost 1,600 votes during the counting. ``How could something like that possibly happen?'' asked Michael Guarino, Cassano's Democratic challenger. ``Something is screwed up here.''

November 1999, Onondaga County, New York - Computers gave the election to the wrong candidate, then gave it back. Bob Faulkner, a political newcomer, went to bed on Election Night confident he had helped complete a Republican sweep of three open council seats. But after Onondaga County Board of Elections staffers rechecked the totals, Faulkner had lost to Democratic incumbent Elaine Lytel.

April 2002, Johnson County, Kansas - Johnson County's new Diebold touch screen machines, proclaimed a success on election night, did not work as well as originally believed. Incorrect vote totals were discovered in six races, three of them contested, leaving county election officials scrambling to make sure the unofficial results were accurate. Johnson County Election Commissioner Connie Schmidt checked the machines and found that the computers had under- and over-reported hundreds of votes. ``The machines performed terrifically,'' said Bob Urosevich, CEO of Diebold Election Systems. ``The anomaly showed up on the reporting part.''

The problem, however, was so perplexing that Schmidt asked the Board of Canvassers to order a hand re-count to make sure the results were accurate. Unfortunately, the touch screen machines did away with the ballots, so the only way to do a hand recount is to have the machine print its internal data page by page. Diebold tried to re-create the error in hopes of correcting it. ``I wish I had an answer,'' Urosevich said. In some cases, vote totals changed dramatically.

November 2002, Comal County, Texas - A Texas-sized lack of curiosity about discrepancies: The uncanny coincidence of three winning Republican candidates in a row tallying up exactly 18,181 votes each was called weird, but apparently no one thought it was weird enough to audit. Conversion to alphabet: 18181 18181 18181 ahaha ahaha ahaha

November 2002, Baldwin County, Alabama - No one at the voting machine company can explain the mystery votes that changed after polling places had closed, flipping the election from the Democratic winner to a Republican in the Alabama governor's race. ``Something happened. I don't have enough intelligence to say exactly what,'' said Mark Kelley of ES&S. Baldwin County results showed that Democrat Don Siegelman earned enough votes to win the state of Alabama. All the observers went home. The next morning, however, 6,300 of Siegelman's votes inexplicably had disappeared, and the election was handed to Republican Bob Riley. A recount was requested, but denied.

November 2002, New York - Voting machine tallies impounded in New York: Software programming errors hampered and confused the vote tally on election night and most of the next day, causing elections officials to pull the plug on the vote-reporting Web site. Commissioners ordered that the voting machine tallies be impounded, and they were guarded overnight by a Monroe County deputy sheriff.

November 2002, Georgia - Election officials lost their memory: Fulton County election officials said that memory cards from 67 electronic voting machines had been misplaced, so ballots cast on those machines were left out of previously announced vote totals. No hand count can shine any light on this; the entire state of Georgia went to touch-screen machines with no physical record of the vote. Fifty-six cards, containing 2,180 ballots, were located, but 11 memory cards still were missing two days after the election: Bibb County and Glynn County each had one card missing after the initial vote count. When DeKalb County election officials went home early Wednesday morning, they were missing 10 cards.

Copyright (c) Scoop Media

(In accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107, this material is distributed without profit to those who have expressed a prior interest in receiving the included information for research and educational purposes.)

Voting Fraud
[ http://lightscion.com/voting_fraud.htm ]

In the U.S.A., where the notion of common interest is young, democracy is generally still very weak (Dick Cheney admitted he never cared to vote). When a coalition of conservative forces seized power in the 2000 U.S 'election', democracy got very ill. Rightist ideology expands its wings over the world, backed by an uncontrolled military machine and intelligence apparatus, financed by countless of billions of dollars. The underlying dynamics are oil imperialism, space weapons, and subliminal racism. Items no party would ever get democratically elected for, and so they had to be enforced - enter 9/11. The 2000 administration has been put in place by nation-wide fraud in the election process. Now, with 9/11 as a pretext, innocent human beings are being imprisoned (2 [ http://www.broward.com/mld/miami/2929045.htm ]) and tortured (3 [ http://swissinfo.org/sen/Swissinfo.html?siteSect=143&sid=1459443 ]), and governments that don't bend can find themselves terrorized, by both visible (4 [ http://wsws.org/articles/2002/jan2002/anth-j23.shtml ]) and unvisible violence (5 [ http://www.twnside.org.sg/title/hawa2.htm ]). To keep the general public ignorant, concocted stories of Islamic terrorism are fed to the media - who have no choice than to abide (6 [ http://lightscion.com/corporate_media_CIA.htm ]).

Hacking Democracy
[ http://salon.com/tech/feature/2003/02/20/voting_machines/index.html?x ]

Suppression of minorities
[ http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A5346-2002Nov4?language=printer ]

Fraud in Arkansas
[ http://www.pbcommercial.com/archives/index.inn?loc=detail&doc=/2002/October/22-2390-NEWS1.TXT ]

Three Republicans win their states with exactly the same number of votes
[ http://abclocal.go.com/ktrk/news/110802_sn_number.html ]

104000 Florida votes missing
[ http://www.sanluisobispo.com/mld/sanluisobispo/news/politics/4465458.htm ]

Machines in Florida automatically switch votes to Republican candidate
[ http://www.drudgereport.com/vote1.htm ]

The vote counting machines are in the hands of a small number of private corporations
[ http://www.talion.com/election-machines.html ]

The software for the machines is written in proprietary code - undecipherable for external controllers
[ http://nypress.com/13/50/news&columns/feature.cfm ]

If you want to win the elections, control the voting machines
[ http://www.commondreams.org/views03/0131-01.htm ]

(In accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107, this material is distributed without profit to those who have expressed a prior interest in receiving the included information for research and educational purposes.)

Rebecca Mercuri's Statement on Electronic Voting [ http://notablesoftware.com/RMstatement.html ]
Copyright © 2001 by Rebecca Mercuri All Rights Reserved.
``I am adamantly opposed to the use of any fully electronic or Internet-based systems for use in anonymous balloting and vote tabulation applications. The reasons for my opposition are manyfold, and are expressed in my writings as well as those of other well-respected computer security experts. To briefly summarize my opinion (based on a decade of research) on this matter I state the following... ... It is therefore incumbent upon all concerned with elections to REFRAIN from procuring ANY system that does not provide an indisputable paper ballot which can be checked by the voter visually before deposit and used by the election board in the case of recount.'' [ http://notablesoftware.com/RMstatement.html ]

A version of the present article suitable for email can be downloaded here: evoting.txt

Additional reading:

http://why-war.com/features/2003/10/diebold.html Targeting Diebold with Electronic Civil Disobedience

http://members.optusnet.com.au/whywardotcom/ Mirror of Targeting Diebold with Electronic Civil Disobedience (Doesn't contain "Campaign Update)

http://wiki.volitant.net/diebold-cd/ A coalition of concerned students from across the world.

The above links contain among other things an archive with about 15,000 internal Diebold e-mail messages. Some referred to software patches installed on Diebold machines days before elections. Others indicated that the Microsoft Access database used in Diebold's tabulation servers was not protected by passwords. Diebold, which says passwords are now installed on machines, is threatening legal action against anyone who posts the files or links to them, contending that the e-mail is copyrighted.

http://propaganda.lege.net/resources/ Resources

http://votermarch.org/FilmFl.htm Media censorship and 175,000 uncounted Florida ballots

http://the-rule-of-law.com/archive/supreme/statement.html 673 Law Professors Say: By Stopping the Vote Count in Florida, The U.S. Supreme Court Used Its Power To Act as Political Partisans, Not Judges of a Court of Law

Updated 5 December 2003